development of society
Introduction
It is believed that the English world “ society” emerged in the 15th or 16th century. It was derived from
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the French world ‘ society” which in turn had its origin in the latin world “societas “ societas meant “friendly association with others, from “socius “ meaning “companion”. Therefore society in broader sense means “ a structured community of people bound together by similar traditions , institutions, or nationality . in other worlds, society is an association of people sharing the same geographical or social territory and those who have friendship, cooperation's and unity.
When we study the origin and evolution of human society , we find that it emerged with the people’s desire to live better. Other worlds, process of positive changes (development ) led to the beginning and continuous evolution of society that’s why development of socity means the process of improving mutual relations, structures, social organizations, etc. in this process every society is mostly found to be transforming from simplicity to complexity, unity to diversity , barbarity to civilization, primitiveness to modernity and equality to inequality. These are common characteristics of the development of society.
Origin
and settled in a fixed place sharining each other’s help. River banks were their first choices because of water and fertile land available there. Later they also made rules and gave someone the responsibility of regulating the same. This I show the human society originated.
Features
Human society is different from time to time and from place to place. Still every society possesses certain features. the following are the basis features that constitute society.
a. likeness: likeness or similarity is a primary basis of unity . it is likeness that brings people together. that’s why human society started with the unity of people of common lineage and tribal affinity. Only people of similar characteristics could trust each other and from associations in the earliest time too.
b. reciprocity: those who have the likeness and live in group differentiate against those who are not like them and grow mutual love, trust, cooperation in their group. This reciprocal awareness gives them we-felling.
c. differences : only sense of likeness is not
enough for social organization and we know no two individuals are same in their
nature. They are different in terms of nature, interests and abilities. They
are people of biological differences ( males and females), ethnicities, professions, economic
strengths, and so on. These also of different age groups. You cannot imagine a
society with only children or youths or old. That’s why society of similar
people doesn’t exclude diversity. Diversity is required for the cultural ,
social and economic prosperity of society . it’s also reuried for sharing of
help and cooperation.
d. interdependence: even today it is not possible for us
to satisfy our desire in isolation. We have to borrow and lend, give and take..
we feel secure as we live secure as we live in society; this means collective
security. Everyone feels secure because of others. There . there is also
interdependence for sexes. None of the two sexes is complete by itself. More
broadly, in our time, all communities and nations are interdenpent.
e. cooperatin: society originated because people
needed cooperation. Cooperation is essential for every society to exist and
develop. Members of society should work together for their common purposes of
leading a happy and comfortable life. According to p. gisbert “cooperation is the most elementary process
of social life without which society is impossible”. Cooperation also leads to
economy. People cooperatewhen they realizen that they have common interests and
goals.
f. conflict: as mentioned above likeness and diversity
exist in society side by side. When
people of different backgrounds, natures interests and goals live
together, conflict is natural. According to George simmel “ a conflict free
harmonious society is practically impossible’. Thus, conflict is natural in
society.
g. transformation: society is dyamic. It keeps changing.
Normally, society changes positively towards the common goals of its members.
Social development is a result of this characteristic of society. thus social
transformation is natural,universal and continuous phenomenon.
Worlds to known
Affinity :
similarity of connection between people;resemblance
Barbarity : an uncivilized condition; cruelty ; savagely
Lineage :
line of descent; ancestry ; family
Tribal :
relating to trible (large family);ethnic ;ancestral
Economy :
careful and sensible use of money ; cheapness; frugality (thrift)
Points to
1. the term
‘society ‘ is very derived from the French world ‘society’ that in turn
originated from latin world ‘socitey’ that means ‘friendly’ association with
others’.
2. society
emerged with the desire of its members to live a better and more comfortable
life.
3. in the
distant past, society originated when people felt the need of each other’s help
in collecting food and warding off wild animals.
4. society ,
though differs from time to time and place to place , has certain common characteristics.
5. the
following are the common elements that constitute society.
a. it has
people with similar backgrounds, interest and goals.
b. there is
mutuality (felling of mameness and sharing) among the members of society .
c. society
also has diversity ; this means people of different sexes, ages , natures and interests.
d. there is
interdependence and mutual security among them members of society.
e. there is
cooperation in society that leads to economy, progress and prosperity.
f. diversity
leads to conflicts in society.
g. society continuously transforms towards
betterment .
Types of
society
Introduction
cieties by dividing them into three types: savage , barbarian and civilized. But Karl Marx (1818-1883) divides societies into hunting , pastoral , feudal, capitalists' and socialist types: some other sociologists place societies in three broad categories only ; pre-industrial, industrial , and postindustrial. They believe that ‘ all so cites progress through these three stages in the same sequences nut at different rates.’
Classification
of society and its bases
b. lingual:
monolingual, bilingual and multi-lingual
c.
religious: Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim , Christian, etc.
d.
settlement: rural and urban
e. time:
ancient, medieval and modern
according to
most sociologists and anthropologists there have been five major types of
societies , each of which ha some unique features.
A. hunting and gathering societies
60 members who are mostly related by birth or marriage. This types of society is also called a hunter-gatherer society and is stil found in some parts of the world mainly the amazon forest of south America.
b. pastoral societies
razing their animals. their sources of food are more reliable so they can support large population. As food supply is enough, some people also work in other areas such as making tools, weapons, clothing and jewelry. Thus, they gradually move towards trading their surplus and collecting wealth. Pastoral societies tend to develop in the areas without cultivable land and climate. Pastoral societies exist in some some parts such as Kenya, Nigeria and Ethiopia as well as the Himalayan region of Nepal.
c. horticultural societies
fruit cultivation when the existing area turns barren. The size of family depends on the availability of arable land. People tend to practice wielder division of labor and creation of rich and poor classes.
d. agricultural societies
agricultural societies are also called agrarian societies. Cultivation of crops for food and keeping of farm animals are the two major characteristics of agrarian society. they use animals to plow farm land. These types of societies are supposed to have originated about 8,500 years ago
from Egypt. The Nile river basins were possibly first used for farming. In these types of societies there are more complex divisions of labour, wider surpluses, trades and earnings as well as conflicts and more concrete government structures. Thus agrarian societies also turn into feudal societies. Towns also grow in these types of societies. Many unindustrialized countries of the world of today have agrarian societies.
e. industrial societies
cultivating land but in commercial and technological ways. They use advanced machinery in their jobs and produce high. As a result thye can maintain a high standard of life. Capitalism abounds and it gives rise to creation of distinctively rich and poor classes, socio*economic freedoms and open market, widespread trade and lower self-reliance. In addition there is higher cultural diversity.
Worlds to known
Anthropology : the study of humankind in all its aspects ,
especially human cultural or human development (it differs from sociology as it
a more historical and comparative approach.)
Sociology : the study of the
origin, development , and structure of human societies and the behavior
of individual people and groups in society
Horticulture: cultivation of garden. Job of cultivation
plans, esp fruit and flower
Pastoral : relating to rural life and animal farming
Agrarian: relating to farming and rural life, agricultural
Division of
labour: a system of organizing
production by giving separate tasks to separate workers or groups of workers
Points to remember
1. the human society has come a long way. It has gone through
various stages of development.
2. societies are classified on different societies but
all classifications following the three broad divisions : pre-industrial and
post-industrial.
3. most anthropologists and sociologists classify societies
into 5 major types : hunting and gathering , pastoral(animal keeping) ,
horticultural (cultivating fruit)agrarian (farming land and animals ) and
industrial.
Elements of society
Only association of people may not be called society. the
association should be properly organized and should possess other elements.
The following are the basis elements of society.
A. territory
Territory (land)
is basic element of society. every
society ha sits won geographical domain. This binds them together. within the
territory. They share their ideas, feelings , cooperation's and live a
particular type of life. The size of territory is not fixed. It may be a
bit small or big.
b. size
here size means the total number of members of a certain society. like territory, the size
of population is not fixed. It may be small or big. it depends on territory , ancestry , means and resources
available as well as the interests of the members.
c. name
every society has its special identity and name. it may be
geographical, cultural , social or even political. The name keeps the members
closed to each other. In the worlds , the members of definite society are also
united under its identity and name.
d. self-origin and
development
society is
self-originating. It is formed without any plan. For example , society may
develop in a certain new place when peole from elsewhere come there and start
settling . gradually, the dwellers grow the we- feeling and unite and
cooperate.
e. stability
society is stable. The members have permanent attachment to
their territory, group, government and means and resources.
f. simple life
members of every
society originally try to make their living
by using the available means and resources. the climate and availability
of resources such as land, vegetation and water highly influence their
lifestyle. For example , those living in hot wet region cultivate land and
those in colder and drier region keep animals.
g. rules and obedience to them
rules must be followed when people start living in
association. Everyone has his/her duties and responsibilities. Obedience to
rules and regulations leads to peace, prosperity and happiness while violation of the same
leads to destruction and misery.
h. government
every well-function
society has its movement. Government is needed to enforce rules and regulations
(laws), protect rights , give services, settle disputes and lead the
development activities. Govement is formed as a result of contract between the
ruled (ordinary members) and the ruler (certain representatives with power).3
i. we-feeling
by natural man is a
breathing with superiors feelings. as mentioned above, people who start in a
definite geographical territory sharing means and resources as well as love
cooperation grow the feelings of unity and sense of we. So they work for the common benefits of all
people dwelling there. They help each other in need. They observe festivals
together.
j. respect to the past
every new generation
inherits traditions and customs, norms and values and rules and regulations
from the order generations as well as the means and resources they have saved.
So society grows sense of respect to and
feeling of pride on the legacy of thy ancestors.
Qualities of good societies
Just a society and
good society are different entities. Not only societies are good societies.
Certain qualities make a society good.. below are some the major qualities of
the ancestors.
a. ownership
members of a good society have good sense of ownership.
Everyone thinks his/her society is for his/ her own benefit. Sense of
ownership encourages activeness and sense of responsibility and these further
encourage development.
b. collectiveness
members of a good
society not only think ‘I’ but also ‘we’ because they have realized the need
and importance of living together. they start thinking widely. They attach
greater priority to their common benefits and work collectively for the same.
c. unity
proper sense of collectiveness brings unity among members.
They are united for the fulfillment of their common goals and solution to their
common problems.
d. cooperation
unity without cooperation is not at all. Members of good
societies unite and cooperation and support to weaker members. Everyone has
universal access to human essentials.
f. amity
members of a good society are friendly and helpful. They
share the means and resources available, respects each other’s diversity and
help each other in need. They possess the civic and social qualities of
tolerance and fellow-felling . they maintain equality and equity.
g. goodwill and love
without reciprocal love and goodwill no society can be
well-organized and properly functioning. That’s why, a good society has
positive attitude, mutual love and respect , trust and confidence among its
members. These are key elements for peace, prosperity and happiness.
h. obedience to rules
living in society creates duties and responsibilities.
Members of a good society are obedient to rules and regulations. Proper
obedience laws brings peace, propriety and happiness. Pace is a prerequisite of
progress. Obedience to rules and regulations also brings feeling of security
and confidence. That’s why there is a proper system of justice in a good
society that also includes punishment to wrong doers.
i. responsibility
as mentioned earlier, living in society creates duties and
responsibilities. So members of a good societies realize their respective
duties and responsibilities though they have great freedoms proper discharge of
social duties and responsibilities leads to peace and security and progress and
prosperity.
j. reformation
every good society is always transforming to the betterment.
The members work actively, united and responsibly for the eradication of evils
and strive for more peaceful , just and prosperous world
World to known
domain: space : area
dweller: reside of a particular place ; settler
contract: formal agreement ; paper of the same
legacy: something valuable from past: inheritance
amity: friendliness
just: full of justice; fair and impractical
eradication: act of removing something completely ; abolition
points to remember
1. not all groups of people can be called societies
2. territory, size, name ,self-origin and development,
stability, simple life, rules and their obedience, government we-feeling and
respect to the legacy are some elements of a society.
3. certain greater qualities make a good society.
4. ownership, collectiveness, unity, cooperation, amity,
security goodwill and love, proper obedience to laws, responsibility and
reformation-orientation are some basic elements of good societies.
Socialization
Introduction to socialization
ber of society, everyone should learn how to adjust with others living there. He should respect norms and values, follow rules and regulations and behave according to the social standards. This process learning is called socialization. As the Britannica encyclopedia puts:
“ socialization is the proses whereby an individual learns
to adjust to a group(or society) and behave in a manner approved by the group
(or society).”
More comprehensively, socialization is a lifelong process of
understanding the society and following its customs as well as norms and values.
The process begins soon after birth and continues till death. It is also a way
of acquiring cultural. In this process in individual learns the skills and
habits necessary to properly behave in society. socialization is thus ‘the
means by which social and cultural continuity are attained’.
Language , love, affection and cooperation as well as social
integration are major mediums or elements of socialization.
Importance of socialization
A person is born without any cultural; without knowledge of
what is good and what is not good. Socialization is a process of acquiring
cultural. It is a continuous process of developing one’s identity, beliefs,
and knowledge. It makes a person social and responsible. Socialization trains
them to be socially acceptable and adaptable according to the social standards.
For example, girls learn how to be daughters, sisters, friends , wives and
mothers and boys learn how to be sons , brothers, friends, husbands , and
fathers
Socialization is a process for an individual of making and
adjustment in the society. it enables him/her to participate in social
activities for the good of society and keeping in tune with the social
discipline. In other worlds, socialization helps a person to be a useful and
practical member of his/hersociety. It helps a person to realize his/her duty
as a member of the society. an unsocialized man is an outcast. He/she has no
place in society. socialization is the basis of social development and
reformation. Socialization also develops personality. Those who are properly
socialized can achive success and live comfortably and respectfully. Good
socialization promotes peace, harmony and cooperation in society.
Agents of socialization
Socialization starts
shortly after birth and continues throughout life. All the events, institutions, customs ,
practices, behaviors and activities between these two points that help in the
socio-cultural learning process are known as the agents of socialization. They
are divided into two major types: primary
A. primary agents
Primary socialization takes place in childhood. It occurs
among children and early childhood is the period of the most important
socialization. The child’s immediate family, relatives and friends are the
primary agents of socialization. The primary socialization is also affected
by festivals as well as social occasions like marriage and fair, there the child
learns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members
of a particular cultural. It helps them to build a ground work for further
socialization. For example , a child who saw his/her parents showing kindness
to the weak, will behave with handicapped friends at school with sympathy.
b. secondary agents.
Secondary socialization is the process of learning how to
behave appropriately within a larger society. it is a process of forming a
behavior pattern according to the standards of society. it takes place outside the home mainly among the
teenagers and adults. One learns how to act in an acceptable way. Educational
institutions such as schools, social organizations, political parties,
financial institutions such as banks and cooperatives, religious institutions
and mass media are the major agents of the secondary socialization. They learn
more importantly by participating in these fields. Actually, social
participation is the backbone of socialization.
Worlds to know
In tune: in agreement with somebody or something
Outcast : somebody rejected or excluded society
Points to remember
1. socialization refers to the process of being trained to be
social and taking part in social activities.
2. socialization helps a person to be socially acceptable and
useful.
3. socialization differs from one society to another.
4. family, friends and relatives are the primary agents of
socialization.
5. formal agents of socialization outside the home are the
secondary agents of socialization e.g. school, clubs, political parties, etc.
Our identities
National identify
Nepal as a nation ha sits distinctive identity in the world.
It’s small country with the biggest physical diversity in the world. South to
north, Nepal’s land topography is so varied that it ranges from just 59m from
the sea level to the highest point on the earth i.e. MT Everest at an elevation
of 8848m. between these two points there are plains, hills , river basins,
valleys, mountains and plateaus. Out of 14 tallest mountains of the world
towering above 8,000m, 8 are are found in Nepal. We have the world’s highest
lake (Tlicho) and deepest gorge (dana,
kaligandaki). Resulting from his territorial diversity, there are all major
types of climate and vegetation of the world . Nepal ‘s biodiversity is among
the richest in the world.
Nepal is world renowned not only in physical diversity but
also in cultural diversity. It is common garden where many castes and
sub-castes bloom. According to the census of 2011 , there are 125 castes in
Nepal and almost all have their own mother tongues. The people of Nepal follow
as many as 10 different religions and have uniquely lifestyles. Thus Nepal is a
small world in itself.
Ethnic identity
As mentioned above
Nepal is a mute-ethnic country. As
reported by the 2011 census, the total population of Nepal is 2,64,94,504 and
the people belong to 125castes. The individual population size of the 10 castes
each exceeds 6 lakh. These diverse population of Nepal have diverse cultures,
traditions skills and resources. a glorious fact is that all people of Nepal
are united by the bond of their allegiance to nation irrespective of their
racial differences. The state has adopted a policy to promote the heritage of
all kinds of people here including their religion. Script , language and
cultural .
Lingual identity
The last census taken in 2011 has recorded as many as many as
125 castes and 123 languages in Nepal. The newly promulgated constitution of
Nepal has recognized all these languages as the national languages.it has
declared Nepalis language in Devanagari
script as the language of official use. Nepali
is Nepalis spoken by 44.6% people in Nepal. The languages recorded in
Nepal are classified into different groups: 79.1% people speak languages of
Indo-European family, 18.4% Tibet- Burmese , 0.2% austral- Asiatic ,0.1%
Dravidian family. according to the senses, 2.2% people in Nepal speak other
languages.
Religious identity
As shown in the table below , Nepal is a multi-regions
country. Along with all the major religions of the world, local religions like
prakriti are also followed by Nepalese. Though there are 81.34% Hindus in
Nepal, it is now a secular state. There is a complete religious freedom for the
citizens. They have admirable religious tolerance too. The state adopts a
policy to promote all kinds of religions followed in the country.
Gender identity
Gender refers to the biological condition of being male or
female.in other worlds, it is the sex of a person. Every population is
classified into males and females. According to the last census there are
nearly 51.5% female and 48.5% male in the Nepalese population. The sex ratio stands at 94.16. now, even the people
of the third sex have got recognition from the state. Sex discrimination that
prevailed in Nepalese society for long has considerably been declining.
According to the new constitution all kinds of discrimination on sex are
punishable offences. The constitution has made several beautiful provisions for
the promotion of gender equality. Culturally women are respected in Nepal. Many
goddesses like Sarasvati and durga Bhawani are worshiped devotedly by Hindus.
Other religions are also promoting gender equality.
Worlds to know
Gorge: deep narrow valley
cut by a river
Script: system of characters used in a particular language
(e.g. roman script in English)
Dravidian: family of some languages mainly spoken in south
India
Religious tolerance: harmony and respect between two
religious groups
Third sex: group of people who claim themselves or are
recognized by society as neither of males or females; called sexual minority in
Nepal
Points to remember
1. Nepal is a small country with very big physical cultural
diversity.
2. it’s physical and cultural diversity is unique in the
whole world.
3. according to the last census of 2011, there are 125
castes, 123 languages and 10 religions in Nepal.
4. nepali is spoken by nearly 50% people in Nepal and it is
the official language.
5. the cultural diversity of Nepal is an important eresource
for the country.
6. the state has now adopted policies to promote all kinds of
cultural resources of Nepal.
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